Pratique : Container 101

Découvrir les conteneurs avec Docker

Practice
Containers
Docker
Exercices pratiques pour découvrir Docker à travers des cas simples et progressifs.
Auteur
Affiliations

Emmanuel BRUNO

Université de Toulon

LIS UMR CNRS 7020

Date de publication

2026-09-30

Objectif du TP

Astuce

Donner le goût des conteneurs en pratiquant :

  • Les commandes essentielles : run, ps, stop, rm
  • Les ports, volumes et réseaux
  • Le mode interactif (exploration)
  • La création d’une image simple avec un Dockerfile

Ce TP n’est pas un TP de production. Il vise à construire une intuition correcte des conteneurs.

Prérequis

  • Docker installé et fonctionnel :
docker --version
Docker version 29.8.0, build 88096ef
  • Accès à un terminal (bash/zsh)
  • Éditeur de texte minimal
Avertissement

Si l’installation de Docker localement est difficile, vous pouvez utiliser un environnement en ligne tel que Play with Docker ou Katacoda.

Astuce

Les commandes présentées dans ce TP utilisent les formes longues des options pour plus de clarté. Formes longues ↔︎ courtes

  • –detach : -d
  • –publish : -p
  • –volume : -v
  • –interactive : -i
  • –tty : -t
  • –env : -e
  • –name : (pas de forme courte distincte)
  • –rm : (forme longue déjà explicite)

Setup initial

Créer un dossier de travail et s’y positionner ($TP_DIR="~/tp0-containers-101") :

Nettoyage optionnel des restes d’exécutions précédentes :

docker rm --force tp0-nginx tp0-app 2>/dev/null || true
docker network rm tp0-net 2>/dev/null || true
docker image rm tp0-app:0.1 2>/dev/null || true

Exercice 1 — Lancer un premier conteneur

Objectif

Voir un conteneur en cours d’exécution.

La commande suivante lance un conteneur nginx (serveur web) en arrière-plan, nommé tp0-nginx, exposant le port 80 du conteneur sur le port 8080 de l’hôte :

docker run --detach \
  --name tp0-nginx \
  --publish 8080:80 \
  nginx:stable
Unable to find image 'nginx:stable' locally
stable: Pulling from library/nginx


6b37362b3da7: Pulling fs layer 

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f3cb4f951034: Waiting 

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3a55ec62cf16: Download complete 

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6b37362b3da7: Verifying Checksum 

6b37362b3da7: Download complete 

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6b37362b3da7: Extracting  327.7kB/29.83MB

b9614c6dbd86: Verifying Checksum 

b9614c6dbd86: Download complete 

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af529266d394: Verifying Checksum 

af529266d394: Download complete 

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757049f14b94: Verifying Checksum 

757049f14b94: Download complete 

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f3cb4f951034: Downloading     955B/955B

f3cb4f951034: Verifying Checksum 

f3cb4f951034: Download complete 

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6b37362b3da7: Pull complete 

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b9614c6dbd86: Pull complete 

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af529266d394: Pull complete 

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757049f14b94: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:b972f831f200b19ef0767938224f9711e74cd783718738cd7405d5cabf75c442
Status: Downloaded newer image for nginx:stable
fe1074ad3fedaa76678b00d3f49f98287785dd5592af6703aae8859818225fa1

Vérifier qu’il est bien lancé :

docker container ls
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE                                                                    COMMAND                   CREATED          STATUS                  PORTS                                     NAMES
fe1074ad3fed   nginx:stable                                                             "/docker-entrypoint.…"    2 seconds ago    Up Less than a second   0.0.0.0:8080->80/tcp, [::]:8080->80/tcp   tp0-nginx
d496ee28e239   ghcr.io/ebpro/jupyter-base:quarto-full-fix-chromium-ci-headless-render   "bash -lc '\n  # [dia…"   50 seconds ago   Up 46 seconds                                                     amazing_johnson

Il est accessible via le port 8080 de l’hôte avec un navigateur web ou curl :

Tester :

curl --max-time 30 --include http://localhost:8080

HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: nginx/1.30.5 Date: Wed, 30 Sep 2026 06:51:26 GMT Content-Type: text/html Content-Length: 896 Last-Modified: Tue, 15 Sep 2026 13:27:58 GMT Connection: keep-alive ETag: “6aa947de-380” Accept-Ranges: bytes

<!DOCTYPE html> Welcome to nginx!

Welcome to nginx!

If you see this page, nginx is successfully installed and working. Further configuration is required for the web server, reverse proxy, API gateway, load balancer, content cache, or other features.

For online documentation and support please refer to nginx.org.
To engage with the community please visit community.nginx.org.
For enterprise grade support, professional services, additional security features and capabilities please refer to f5.com/nginx.

Thank you for using nginx.

Les 10 derniers logs du conteneur peuvent être consultés avec :

docker logs tp0-nginx --tail 10
2026/09/30 06:51:25 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 52
2026/09/30 06:51:25 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 53
2026/09/30 06:51:25 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 54
2026/09/30 06:51:25 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 55
2026/09/30 06:51:25 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 56
2026/09/30 06:51:25 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 57
2026/09/30 06:51:25 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 58
2026/09/30 06:51:25 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 59
2026/09/30 06:51:25 [notice] 1#1: start worker process 60
172.17.0.1 - - [30/Sep/2026:06:51:26 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 896 "-" "curl/8.5.0" "-"

Le conteneur peut être arrêté avec :

docker stop tp0-nginx
tp0-nginx

Les conteneurs y compris arrêtés peuvent être listés avec :

docker container ls --all
CONTAINER ID   IMAGE                                                                    COMMAND                   CREATED          STATUS                              PORTS     NAMES
fe1074ad3fed   nginx:stable                                                             "/docker-entrypoint.…"    4 seconds ago    Exited (0) Less than a second ago             tp0-nginx
d496ee28e239   ghcr.io/ebpro/jupyter-base:quarto-full-fix-chromium-ci-headless-render   "bash -lc '\n  # [dia…"   52 seconds ago   Up 48 seconds                                 amazing_johnson

et supprimé avec :

docker rm --force tp0-nginx
tp0-nginx
ImportantRappel

Un conteneur = un service/processus isolé

Exercice 2 — Volumes : partager des fichiers

Objectif

Pour relier le système de fichier de l’hôte et celui du conteneur, on utilise des volumes.

Créer un dossier www/ sur l’hôte avec une page HTML simple :

mkdir -p www
echo "<h1>Hello from host</h1>" > www/index.html

Lancer un serveur web nginx en montant le dossier www/ de l’hôte dans le dossier /usr/share/nginx/html du conteneur (en lecture seule avec :ro) :

docker run --detach \
  --name tp0-nginx \
  --publish 8080:80 \
  --volume "$PWD/www":/usr/share/nginx/html:ro \
  nginx:stable

Il est accessible via le port 8080 de l’hôte avec un navigateur web ou curl :

curl est utilisé ici pour afficher les headers HTTP et le contenu de la page.

curl --max-time 30 --include http://localhost:8080
HTTP/1.1 200 OK


Server: nginx/1.30.5


Date: Wed, 30 Sep 2026 06:51:34 GMT


Content-Type: text/html


Content-Length: 25


Last-Modified: Wed, 30 Sep 2026 06:51:27 GMT


Connection: keep-alive


ETag: "6abcb16f-19"


Accept-Ranges: bytes





<h1>Hello from host</h1>

Modifier www/index.html sur l’hôte et rafraîchir la page ou relancer curl.

echo "<h1>Hello from host - updated</h1>" > www/index.html
curl --max-time 30 --include http://localhost:8080

Nettoyage :

ImportantRappel

Les données ne vivent pas dans le conteneur, il doit être éphémère

Exercice 3 — Mode interactif et installation

Il est important de comprendre la différence entre un conteneur et une image. Il est possible d’executer des conteneurs en mode interactif pour explorer leur contenu et interagir avec eux.

Il est déconseillé d’installer des logiciels directement dans un conteneur en production.

docker run --interactive --tty --rm ubuntu:22.04

Dans le conteneur, exécuter les commandes suivantes pour explorer le système, créer un fichier et installer curl.

cat /etc/os-release
uname -a
echo "Hello from inside the container" > /tmp/hello.txt
apt update && apt install -y curl
curl --max-time 30 --include https://example.com

quitter le conteneur avec la commande exit (ou Ctrl+D).

Unable to find image 'ubuntu:22.04' locally
22.04: Pulling from library/ubuntu


20c3783cc497: Pulling fs layer 

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20c3783cc497: Downloading  21.79MB/29.75MB

20c3783cc497: Verifying Checksum 

20c3783cc497: Download complete 

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20c3783cc497: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:b8b6ee6aa931ecd9d0d952abc34dc0e5f7c6a30c6bb71b079fe399fde0329c02
Status: Downloaded newer image for ubuntu:22.04
debconf: delaying package configuration, since apt-utils is not installed
Selecting previously unselected package openssl.
(Reading database ... 4393 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../00-openssl_3.0.2-0ubuntu1.30_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking openssl (3.0.2-0ubuntu1.30) ...
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Unpacking ca-certificates (20260601~22.04.1) ...
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Preparing to unpack .../08-libldap-2.5-0_2.5.20+dfsg-0ubuntu0.22.04.1_amd64.deb ...
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Unpacking libsasl2-modules:amd64 (2.1.27+dfsg2-3ubuntu1.2) ...
Setting up libpsl5:amd64 (0.21.0-1.2build2) ...
Setting up libbrotli1:amd64 (1.0.9-2build6) ...
Setting up libsasl2-modules:amd64 (2.1.27+dfsg2-3ubuntu1.2) ...
Setting up libnghttp2-14:amd64 (1.43.0-1ubuntu0.4) ...
Setting up libldap-common (2.5.20+dfsg-0ubuntu0.22.04.1) ...
Setting up libsasl2-modules-db:amd64 (2.1.27+dfsg2-3ubuntu1.2) ...
Setting up librtmp1:amd64 (2.4+20151223.gitfa8646d.1-2build4) ...
Setting up libsasl2-2:amd64 (2.1.27+dfsg2-3ubuntu1.2) ...
Setting up libssh-4:amd64 (0.9.6-2ubuntu0.22.04.8) ...
Setting up openssl (3.0.2-0ubuntu1.30) ...
Setting up publicsuffix (20211207.1025-1) ...
Setting up libldap-2.5-0:amd64 (2.5.20+dfsg-0ubuntu0.22.04.1) ...
Setting up ca-certificates (20260601~22.04.1) ...
debconf: unable to initialize frontend: Dialog
debconf: (TERM is not set, so the dialog frontend is not usable.)
debconf: falling back to frontend: Readline
debconf: unable to initialize frontend: Readline
debconf: (Can't locate Term/ReadLine.pm in @INC (you may need to install the Term::ReadLine module) (@INC contains: /etc/perl /usr/local/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/perl/5.34.0 /usr/local/share/perl/5.34.0 /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/perl5/5.34 /usr/share/perl5 /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/perl-base /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/perl/5.34 /usr/share/perl/5.34 /usr/local/lib/site_perl) at /usr/share/perl5/Debconf/FrontEnd/Readline.pm line 7.)
debconf: falling back to frontend: Teletype
Updating certificates in /etc/ssl/certs...
121 added, 0 removed; done.
Setting up libcurl4:amd64 (7.81.0-1ubuntu1.29) ...
Setting up curl (7.81.0-1ubuntu1.29) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.35-0ubuntu3.14) ...
Processing triggers for ca-certificates (20260601~22.04.1) ...
Updating certificates in /etc/ssl/certs...
0 added, 0 removed; done.
Running hooks in /etc/ca-certificates/update.d...
done.

Linux a959cb14742b 6.8.0-142-generic #142-Ubuntu SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Wed Sep  2 14:24:27 UTC 2026 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed

  0     0    0     0    0     0      0      0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:--     0
100   713    0   713    0     0   4638      0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:--  4660
HTTP/2 200 
date: Wed, 30 Sep 2026 06:51:56 GMT
content-type: text/html; charset=utf-8
server: cloudflare
last-modified: Mon, 28 Sep 2026 16:19:32 GMT
allow: GET, HEAD
accept-ranges: bytes
age: 1900
cf-cache-status: HIT
cf-ray: a4314d50d963d120-CDG

<!doctype html><html lang=en><head><meta charset=utf-8><link rel=icon href=data:,><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><title>Example Domain</title><style>html{color-scheme:light dark;background:light-dark(#eee,#222)}body{font:16px/1.6 system-ui,sans-serif;max-width:30em;min-height:100vh;margin:auto;padding:4.75em 2em 20vh;box-sizing:border-box;display:grid;place-content:center;text-align:center}</style></head><body><p>This domain is for use in documentation examples without needing permission. This is not a service, avoid relying on it for testing and monitoring purposes.</p><a href=https://iana.org/help/example-domains>Learn more</a><script src=/s.js></script></body></html>

Relancer :

docker run --interactive --tty --rm ubuntu:22.04 bash
cat /tmp/hello.txt   # ❌ disparu
curl --max-time 30 --include https://example.com  # ❌ curl non installé
ImportantRappel

Ce qui n’est pas dans une image est perdu

Exercice 4 — Créer une image simple

Pour rendre l’installation reproductible et persistante, il faut créer une image. L’approche standard est d’écrire un fichier Dockerfile décrivant l’image.

Créer un Dockerfile qui installe curl (RUN) dans une image basée sur ubuntu:22.04 (FROM) et qui lance bash par défaut (CMD).

Dockerfile
FROM ubuntu:22.04
RUN apt update && apt install -y curl
CMD ["bash"]

Construire l’image Docker à partir d’un Dockerfile dans le dossier courant (.) avec le tag tp0-ubuntu-curl :

docker build --tag tp0-ubuntu-curl .

Tester en mode interactif en exécutant la commande curl --max-time 30 --include https://example.com dans le conteneur :

docker run --interactive --tty --rm tp0-ubuntu-curl

la commande peut aussi être passée en paramètre du docker run :

docker run --rm tp0-ubuntu-curl \
  curl --max-time 30 --include https://example.com
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed

  0     0    0     0    0     0      0      0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:--     0
100   713    0   713    0     0   5958      0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:--  5991
HTTP/2 200 
date: Wed, 30 Sep 2026 06:52:22 GMT
content-type: text/html; charset=utf-8
server: cloudflare
last-modified: Mon, 28 Sep 2026 16:19:32 GMT
allow: GET, HEAD
accept-ranges: bytes
age: 1926
cf-cache-status: HIT
cf-ray: a4314dee2c8cf82e-CDG

<!doctype html><html lang=en><head><meta charset=utf-8><link rel=icon href=data:,><meta name=viewport content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><title>Example Domain</title><style>html{color-scheme:light dark;background:light-dark(#eee,#222)}body{font:16px/1.6 system-ui,sans-serif;max-width:30em;min-height:100vh;margin:auto;padding:4.75em 2em 20vh;box-sizing:border-box;display:grid;place-content:center;text-align:center}</style></head><body><p>This domain is for use in documentation examples without needing permission. This is not a service, avoid relying on it for testing and monitoring purposes.</p><a href=https://iana.org/help/example-domains>Learn more</a><script src=/s.js></script></body></html>

Exercice 5 — Construire une image applicative

En suivant la même approche, il est possible de créer une image contenant une application Python simple.

Créer une structure de dossiers app/ avec une application serveur Web minimale en Python :

app
├── Dockerfile
└── app.py

1 directory, 2 files

L’application Python

app/app.py
from http.server import SimpleHTTPRequestHandler, HTTPServer

server = HTTPServer(('0.0.0.0', 5000), SimpleHTTPRequestHandler)
print("Listening on 5000")
server.serve_forever()

Un fichier Dockerfile qui construit l’image de l’application Python en utilisant l’image officielle python:3.11-slim comme base, en copiant le fichier app.py dans le conteneur et en définissant la commande par défaut pour exécuter l’application.

app/Dockerfile
FROM python:3.11-slim
WORKDIR /app
COPY app.py .
CMD ["python", "app.py"]

Construire l’image Docker depuis le dossier app/ avec le tag tp0-app:0.0.1 :

docker build --tag tp0-app:0.0.1 .

Exécuter le conteneur en mappant le port 5000 du conteneur (sur lequel l’application écoute) sur le port 5000 de l’hôte :

docker run --detach \
  --name tp0-app \
  --publish 5000:5000 \
  tp0-app:0.0.1
ea14f0b80a990ec322e5b3c48ad0a5b880982c209c7d84bab30837bdfdfcb0ba

Tester l’application avec curl depuis l’hôte :

curl --max-time 30 --include http://localhost:5000
HTTP/1.0 200 OK


Server: SimpleHTTP/0.6 Python/3.11.16


Date: Wed, 30 Sep 2026 06:52:34 GMT


Content-type: text/html; charset=utf-8


Content-Length: 224





<!DOCTYPE HTML>

<html lang="en">

<head>

<meta charset="utf-8">

<title>Directory listing for /</title>

</head>

<body>

<h1>Directory listing for /</h1>

<hr>

<ul>

<li><a href="app.py">app.py</a></li>

</ul>

<hr>

</body>

</html>

Nettoyer le conteneur (arrêt et suppression) :

docker stop tp0-app
docker rm tp0-app
tp0-app
tp0-app

Exercice 6 — (Optionnel) Réseaux Docker

Il est possible de faire fonctionner plusieurs conteneurs ensemble via un réseau Docker. Dans cet exercice, nous allons créer un réseau Docker et y connecter le conteneur de l’application Python et et autre conteneur curl pour tester l’application.

Créer un réseau (virtuel) Docker nommé tp0-net :

docker network create tp0-net
465a9236df759676c63ad81f5d2c665254bdb4f22cb5c3e3ee40c30aaaf4e0cf

Lancer le conteneur de l’application Python dans ce réseau :

docker run --detach \
  --name tp0-app \
  --network tp0-net \
  tp0-app:0.0.1
ed8d7a9916023ce4d18ec16a54113aa87f122bd833ba755468efc07be66b5f1c

Tester l’application avec un conteneur curl connecté au même réseau Docker, en utilisant le nom du conteneur tp0-app comme hostname pour le service :

#| echo: true
#| output: asis
docker run --rm \
  --network tp0-net \
  curlimages/curl --max-time 30 --include http://tp0-app:5000

Nettoyage :

ImportantRappel

Les conteneurs communiquent via des réseaux virtuels et des noms DNS internes

Synthèse

ImportantRappel
  • Un conteneur n’est pas un mini-serveur, C’est un **processus isolé, créé à partir d’une image
  • Une–include image est un modèle immuable pour créer des conteneurs à l’aide d’un Dockerfile qui décrit sa construction et peut être versionné.
  • Les données doivent être stockées en dehors du conteneur via des volumes
  • Les conteneurs communiquent via des réseaux virtuels

Les conteneurs permettent de déployer des applications complexes de manière reproductible et en isolant les différentes parties.

Réutilisation